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below. A pair of biostatisticians' questions about a prominent genetics group at Duke University have not only raised doubts about a popular method of tumor analysis but also led to accusations that a cancer researcher had padded his resumé. Clinical trials at Duke based on these methods have been suspended, Duke is investigating the researcher in question, and there are calls for a general review of the field. Full story at 2 / 614? sa_campaign = Email/sntw/6-August-2010/10.1126 / science.329.5992. 614

To work with dangerous pathogens such as anthrax, US researchers must follow strict rules governing so-called select agents, or potential bioweapons. But what about a DNA sequence ordered from a company that contains some of the genes that make anthrax deadly? Currently, such an entity-or an artificial organism designed with such DNA-would not be subject to the same regulations despite its potential as a bioweapon, simply because of the way select agents are defined. A report by the National Academies this week recommends plugging this loophole with a new system of defining select agents based on DNA sequences. Full story at 2 / 615? sa_campaign = Email/sntw/6-August-2010/10.1126 / science.329.5992.615

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Carcassonne (board game)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,searchCarcassonneDesignerKlaus-Jürgen WredePublisherHans im GlückRio Grande Games999 GamesPlayers2–5 (6 with expansion)Age range8 +Setup time1–5 minutesPlaying time30–90 minutesRandom chanceMediumCarcassonne is a tile-based German-style board game for two to five players, designed by Klaus-Jürgen Wrede and published in 2000 by Hans im Glück in German and Rio Grande Games in English.[1] It received the Spiel des Jahres award in 2001. It is named after the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne in southern France, famed for its city walls. The game has spawned many expansions and spin-offs, and several PC and console versions. The game's wooden follower pieces, colloquially called "meeples,"[2] have become a symbol of European board gaming.[3]Contents1 Gameplay1.1 Scoring1.1.1 Older editions2 Game interest3 Expansions3.1 Full Expansions3.2 Mini Expansions3.3 Compilations4 Spinoffs4.1 Video games5 Tournaments6 References7 External links[edit] GameplayThe game board is a medieval landscape built by the players as the game progresses. The game starts with a single terrain tile face up and 71 others shuffled face down for the players to draw from. On each turn a player draws a new terrain tile and places it adjacent to tiles that are already face up. The new tile must be placed in a way that extends features on the tiles it abuts: roads must connect to roads, fields to fields, and cities to cities.A part of a game board after several turns.After placing the new tile, the placing player may opt to station a follower piece on that tile. The follower can only be placed on the just-placed tile, and must be placed on a specific feature. A follower claims ownership of one terrain feature—road, field,manolo blahnik Schuhe, city, or cloister—and may not be placed on a feature already claimed by another player's follower. However, it is possible for terrain features to become shared after the further placement of tiles. For example, two field tiles which each have a follower can become connected into a single field by another terrain tile.The game ends when the last tile has been placed. At that time, all features (including fields) score points for the players with the most followers on them. The player with the most points wins the game.[edit] ScoringDuring the players' turns, cities, cloisters, and roads (but not fields) are scored when they are completed—cities and roads when they are completed (i.e. contain no unfinished edges from which they may be expanded), and cloisters when surrounded by eight tiles. At the end of the game, when there are no tiles remaining, all incomplete features are scored. Points are awarded to the players with the most followers in a feature. If there is a tie for the most followers in any given feature, all of the tied players are awarded the full number of points. In general (see table), points are awarded for the number of tiles covered by a feature; cloisters score for neighboring tiles; and fields score based on the number of abutting completed cities.Once a feature is scored, all of the followers in that feature are returned to their owners.FeatureCompleted during playGame end, complete or incompleteCity2 points per tile + 2 points per pennant1 point per tile + 1 point per pennantRoad1 point per tileCloister1 point + 1 point for each of the surrounding tilesFields(Not scored)3 points for each completed city bordering the field[edit] Older editionsThere are two older editions of Carcassonne, differing in scoring of cities and fields. Though, until recently, the first edition scoring rules were included with English releases of Carcassonne, third edition rules are now included with all editions (including the Xbox 360 and travel versions), and are assumed by all expansions in all languages.A follower (or "meeple") on a tile.In the first and second editions of the game, completed cities covering just two tiles scored two points (one per tile) and one extra point for every pennant that resides in the city. This exception is removed from the third edition, in which there is no difference between two-tile cities and cities of larger size.The greatest divergence in scoring rules between the editions of Carcassonne is in scoring for fields. In the first edition, the players with the greatest number of followers adjacent to a city were awarded four points for that city. Thus, followers from different fields contributed to the scoring for a city, and followers on a field may contribute to the scoring for multiple cities. The second edition considered different fields separately — for each field, the players with the greatest number of followers in a field scored three points for each city adjacent to the field, although points were only be scored once for any given city. The third edition removes these exceptions and brings field scoring in line with the scoring of other features.[edit] Game interestCarcassonne is an excellent "gateway game";[4] a game that can be used to introduce new players to board games. The rules are simple, no one is ever eliminated, and the play is fast. A typical game, without any expansions, takes about 45 minutes to play (however, see below). There is a substantial luck component to the game, however good tactics greatly improve one's chances of winning. Examples of tactical considerations include:Conserving followers. Since each player has only seven followers, it can be easy to run out. This is especially important with fewer players, because then each player will play more tiles during the game.Joining in on other players' features. Often it is possible to add a separate road or castle segment near a big road or castle and join them up. This allows a player to gain points from their opponents' work.Avoiding sharing. An advantage can be gained by preventing other players from getting points. This is more important with fewer players, or if the sharing player is doing well.Judicious placement of followers in fields. Followers in the right field can be worth a lot of points. However, once placed,louboutin shoes, they are there for the whole game.Trapping opponents' followers. Not all possible tile configurations exist in the game. So if a player knows which tiles exist or are more common, they can create situations where it is hard or impossible for an opponent to complete some feature. The result is the opponent's follower is stuck in something half-completed.Playing Time Variation The time taken to play Carcassonne varies greatly with the addition of the expansions. Each major expansion will add about 30 to 45 minutes to the playing time; The Tower, however tends to increase play time more than the other expansions due to the effect it has on the player's tactics - more thinking time is used. A game including the eight major expansions could easily last between three and five hours. Playing time is also affected by the quantity of players; a game with two players will generally take less time than a game with six players.[edit] ExpansionsSeveral official expansions for Carcassonne have been published, which add numerous additional rules, tiles and new kinds of figures. Together, they can more than double the length of the game. These expansions are generally compatible with each other and may be played together.[edit] Full Expansions"Carcassonne — Inns and Cathedrals" ("Carcassonne — Wirtsh?user und Kathedralen", 2002)Originally known simply as "Carcassonne: The Expansion," Inns and Cathedrals adds some new tiles, and one new figure.A large figure that counts as two followers.Special tiles with Inns and Cathedrals can be placed as part of roads and cities to enhance their value—provided they are completed by the end of the game. Inns double each road segment's value, while Cathedrals add one point per tile or pennant in a city. However if the city or road is not completed, it has zero value.Followers that allow a sixth player to play."Carcassonne — Traders and Builders" ("Carcassonne — H?ndler und Baumeister", 2003)Adds additional tile types, two new followers, and trade good tiles.Trade goods appear in cities and are collected by the player who completes the city, even if they are not the one who scores it (thus encouraging the completion of other people's cities).A "pig" follower which increases the value of a field it's placed inA "builder" follower which grants an extra turn to the owning player whenever the feature is extended.An opaque cloth bag which players can use while drawing tiles."Carcassonne — The Princess and the Dragon" ("Burgfr?ulein und Drache", 2005)The Princess and the Dragon adds new tiles and figures.Tiles with "magic gates" allow players to place followers on previously played tilesPrincess tiles and Dragon figure allow for followers to be removed.A Fairy figure also allows protection to a follower and its tile from time to time."Carcassonne — The Tower" ("Carcassonne — Der Turm", March 2006)The Tower adds a vertical element to Carcassonne, adding new tiles and tower pieces.Eighteen tiles with tower foundations, which allow a player to add a tower section and capture nearby followers belonging to another playerTower pieces to build withA cardboard tile tower for easy tile storage, also acting as a mechanism from which tiles are drawn."Carcassonne — Abbey and Mayor" ("Carcassonne — Abtei und Bürgermeister",manolo blahnik online store, October 2007)Another full-sized expansion, featuring:Abbey tiles that can complete featuresMayors who score citiesA barn that forces farm scoringWagons that can score features.Additional tiles that, in response to fan feedback, fix specific situations that have been previously impossible to complete."Carcassonne — The Catapult" ("Carcassonne — Das Katapult", 2008)An expansion, featuring:A physical catapult12 fair ground tiles that initiate a round using the catapult.Tokens to be launched by the catapult."Carcassonne: Wheel of Fortune" ("Carcassonne – Das Schicksalsrad", July 2009)A full replacement for the base game and/or expansion, featuring:72 tiles from the base game, Inns & Cathedrals, Traders & Builders, and King & Scout40 followers (in 5 colors) and a scoreboardA new start-tile which depicts the Wheel of FortuneThe Wheel of Fortune – a new mechanic based on icons on 16 tiles allowing an element of "fate" into the game. Events that can be triggered include famine, plague, and fortune, among othersA large pink pig animeeple that moves along the rim of the wheel"Carcassonne – Bridges, Castles & Bazaars" ("Carcassonne – Brücken, Burgen und Basare", February 2010)An expansion, featuring:12 Bridge pieces enabling players to bridge roads over field tiles12 Castle tokens so players can gain additional points from 2-tile cities12 new tiles, eight featuring bazaars which introduce a new auction element to the game and four miscellaneous tiles.[edit] Mini ExpansionsCarcassonne — The River (Carcassonne — Der Fluss, 2001)Originally a distributed freely with the Carcassonne base game. Only available separately beginning 2009. The 2007 Xbox Live Arcade version includes a toggle option for the expansion.12 River tiles that replace the single initial tile.Carcassonne — King and Scout (Carcassonne — K?nig und Sp?her, 2003)'King and Scout' is two expansions; King for Carcassonne and Scout for Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers.King and Robber Baron tiles used to keep track of who built the largest road and city.5 additional tiles, with combinations that were previously missingCarcassonne — The Cathars (Carcassonne — Die Katharer, 2004)Originally published in the German board game magazine Spielbox, and republished in their Carcassonne almanac with an English translation.Four siege tiles where Cathars break city walls. These halve the value of the city but double its contribution to field scores. Monasteries allow followers in cities to escape and come back to their players. Tile images and full English rules are available from Board Game Geek.The Count of Carcassonne (Der Graf von Carcassonne, 2004)Via new tiles, provides an incentive to complete other players' features: when a player does so, she may place a follower in the city of Carcassonne, and then later move that follower in to a feature as it completed (commonly known as "paratrooping").Twelve tiles depicting the city of Carcassonne itself. These replace the initial starting tile and support new game mechanics.A count figure, which can block paratrooping.Carcassonne — The River II (Der Fluss II, November 2005)Similar to the original River expansion, The River II tiles include features from previous expansions, for example a volcano to invoke the dragon.New tiles to create a larger, forked riverCarcassonne — The Mini-Expansion (Winter 2006)Published in Games Quarterly Magazine, Issue #11,A new spring with a road, which separates a farm, thereby preventing some very large farms as allowed by the original River.11 additional tiles.Carcassonne — The Cult (Carcassonne – Der Kultst?tten, 2008)Published originally in Count, King & Cult, then republished as a standalone expansion in Spielbox: Hans im Glück Almanach 2008. Later available by Rio Grande Games in Cult, Siege & Creativity,Five tiles depicting heretical shrines that can be used in rivalries with cloisters and abbeysCarcassonne — Tunnel (Carcassonne - Der Tunnel, 2009)Published in Spielbox: Der Almanach: Hans im Glück, Issue June 2009Four new tiles and twelve chips to create underground tunnelsTunnels can also be built with The Princess and the Dragon tunnel entrancesCarcassonne – Crop Circles (Carcassonne - Die Kornkriese, 2010)Published with German versions of the Carcassonne base game.Six new tiles depicting three pairs of symbols allowing players to add or remove followers from other tiles[edit] CompilationsCarcassonne Big BoxThe original game,Inns and CathedralsTraders and BuildersPrincess and the DragonTowerRiver (only in Rio Grande version)Carcassonne — Count, King and Cult (?Carcassonne — Graf, K?nig und Konsorten?, 2008)A compilation of mini-expansions:Count of CarcassonneKing and ScoutRiver IICultCarcassonne — Cult, Siege, and Creativity (2008)Cult (with one additional tile)Siege (an adaptation of the Cathars expansion)Two blank white tiles for use in making custom expansionsCarcassonne Big Box 2 (2008, 2009)This Big Box is the same size as the previous Big Box', but with a slightly different component mix.The original gameInns and CathedralsTraders and BuildersThe Princess and the DragonAbbey and MayorCount, King and CultRiver II (only in 2008 Rio Grande release)In addition, some retailers offer bundles of expansions without unique branding.[edit] SpinoffsComparison of the starting tile and tile backs for the basic game (center) with two spin-offs: The Ark of the Covenant (left) and Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers (right).Following the success of Carcassonne, a number of games have been spun off from the main game, all sharing similar mechanics. This is also a travel-sized version of the original game, Travel Carcassonne (Reise-Carcassonne), released in 2007.Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers (Carcassonne: Die J?ger und Sammler, 2002)Hunters and Gatherers is a stand-alone game that involves the building of forests, rivers and wildlife rather than cities and roads. This game attempted to rectify some perceived faults in the original by eliminating cloisters, introducing a "special tile" system to encourage players to complete cities (now forests) owned by other players, and making the value of meadows vary both up and down with animals that appear on the tiles.The Ark of the Covenant (2003)Ark is a biblical-themed version of Carcassonne by Inspiration Games based on the Old Testament, which includes the animal feature found in Hunters and Gatherers, as well as the Ark itself which may be moved in lieu of follower placement, scoring points for followers that they pass through.Carcassonne: The Castle (Carcassonne: Die Burg,louboutin shoes, 2003)The Castle is a two-player spin-off, designed by Reiner Knizia, where the game is played within the confines of a fixed castle. Players gain extra abilities by scoring an exact number of points, and tile placement rules are relaxed.Carcassonne: The City (Carcassonne: Die Stadt, 2004)The City is a "deluxe-style" stand-alone game similar to The Castle, where tile placement is relaxed. The significant new rules involve the addition of city walls when the city grows beyond a certain size.Carcassonne: The Discovery (Carcassonne: Neues Land, 2005)An exploration-themed stand-alone game that involves mountains, seas and meadows. The significant change in this game is that followers are no longer automatically removed when a terrain feature is completed: they must be removed as a game action, in lieu of placing a new follower that turn. Players may choose to remove a follower from,christian louboutin, and score for, a terrain feature before it is completed, albeit for fewer points; followers remaining on the map at the end of the game also suffer a score penalty even if the features they are standing on are completed.New World: A Carcassonne Game (Carcassonne: Mayflower, 2008)New World is a stand-alone game that allows players to play Carcassonne in the New World, aka America. Players begin the basic tile-laying from a coastal edge and move westward, creating towns, hunting, farming, and trail blazing as they go along. Although terminology has changed, this game follows the basic rules of Carcassonne very closely but is more restricted than the basic game.The Kids of Carcassonne (Die Kinder von Carcassonne, 2009)Unveiled at the Nuremberg International Toy Fair in February 2009[5] this is a short game for younger children inspired by Carcassonne, designed by Marco Teubner.[6][7][edit] Video gamesCarcassonne on the iPhoneAn iPhone (and eventually, iPad) application developed by codingmonkeys.de.[8]Carcassonne OnlineA PC-based online version of Carcassonne distributed by Koch Media, a German games company. Now discontinued.Carcassonne on BrettspielWelt (BSW)Includes the expansions: The River, Inns & Cathedrals, Traders & Builders, Princess & Dragon, and King & Scout, as well as options to score based on different rulesets used across various editions of the game.Carcassonne for Xbox 360 (2007)In 2006, Microsoft announced[9] in a press release that Carcassonne would be an Xbox Live Arcade title alongside Catan and Alhambra. The title was published by Sierra Online and released on June 27, 2007;[10] it includes all the tiles of the original game and those of "The River" expansion. This version of the game uses the 3rd Edition scoring rules by default; the game allows alternate and/or older rules for non-ranked and single player games. Sierra has promised to release the expansions as well. As of October 30, 2009, The River II expansion and King & Baron (King & Scout) expansions are available. On November 15, 2007, Microsoft made Carcassonne available free of charge for seven days to celebrate the fifth anniversary of their Xbox Live service.Carcassonne for Nintendo DSVideo game news website Kotaku announced on July 9, 2009 that an iteration of the game will be released on Nintendo DS in 2009. According to Kotaku, the game will include the "River" expansion as well as three new "worlds" described as "Asian, Nordic and Arabic."[11]JCloisterZoneA PC-based application implemented in Java.[edit] TournamentsInternational Carcassonne tournaments were held in Germany in 2003-2005 [12].The first official Carcassonne world championship was held at SPIEL in Es